Paulus Helie - Revision history

Hkllm at 14:03, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T14:03:06Z

Show changes

Hkllm at 13:54, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T13:54:31Z

Show changes

Hkllm at 13:47, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T13:47:37Z

Show changes

Hkllm at 13:34, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T13:34:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 29 June 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen		by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen

	'''Paulus Helie''' (Poul Helgesen) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the period’s greatest intellectual character and most eloquent writer. His Lutheran antagonists called him a turn-coat, present-day historians describe him as the first political journalist in the history of Denmark. His many works in the Danish and Latin languages include translations, religious and political controversies, poems, letters, and historical narratives. Among the latter is the famous Chronicon Skibyense, which was the greatest intellectual work of literature in Denmark since the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus.		'''Paulus Helie''' (Poul Helgesen, 1480-1539) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the period’s greatest intellectual character and most eloquent writer. His Lutheran antagonists called him a turn-coat, present-day historians describe him as the first political journalist in the history of Denmark. His many works in the Danish and Latin languages include translations, religious and political controversies, poems, letters, and historical narratives. Among the latter is the famous Chronicon Skibyense, which was the greatest intellectual work of literature in Denmark since the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus.

	==Biography==		==Biography==

Hkllm at 13:33, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T13:33:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 29 June 2012
Line 86:		Line 86:

	The first Latin translation of the Catalogue was made in the spring or summer of 1523. In the version we know today, which is an expanded version from the same summer or autumn with emendations and additions from the mid-1530s, it lists twenty-three points of complaint against the king, four of which are new compared to the original Danish Catalogue of March 1523. Petrus Svavenius’s Frederici I ad Christierni Patruelis calumnias responsio, 1527, seems in part to have been the source of these additions.		The first Latin translation of the Catalogue was made in the spring or summer of 1523. In the version we know today, which is an expanded version from the same summer or autumn with emendations and additions from the mid-1530s, it lists twenty-three points of complaint against the king, four of which are new compared to the original Danish Catalogue of March 1523. Petrus Svavenius’s Frederici I ad Christierni Patruelis calumnias responsio, 1527, seems in part to have been the source of these additions.
	Stylistically the Catalogue is characterized by an excessive use of tautologies and other word enumerations, which often consist of words with emotional and affective connotations. It is in a rhetorical style similar to that of the Danish Catalogue and known from other polemical works by Paulus Helie.
	One must assume that the translation was meant for a non-Danish audience. It may have been sent to the Archbishop-elect, George Skotborg, in Rome by the new government, as we know that one of the Roman representatives of the dethroned and exiled king informed him that a list of complaints, circulating in the city, was damaging the king’s cause at the Holy See (cf. ALLEN 1854, 94; RÜBNER JØRGENSEN 2001). The work is transmitted in Chronicon Skibyense (see below).		Stylistically the Catalogue is characterized by an excessive use of tautologies and other word enumerations, which often consist of words with emotional and affective connotations. It is in a rhetorical style similar to that of the Danish Catalogue and known from other polemical works by Paulus Helie.
	(3) Annales 826–1415 (Chronologia anonymi, Annales Dano-Svecani 826–1415)
			One must assume that the translation was meant for a non-Danish audience. It may have been sent to the Archbishop-elect, George Skotborg, in Rome by the new government, as we know that one of the Roman representatives of the dethroned and exiled king informed him that a list of complaints, circulating in the city, was damaging the king’s cause at the Holy See (cf. ALLEN 1854, 94; RÜBNER JØRGENSEN 2001). The work is transmitted in Chronicon Skibyense (see below).

			===(3) Annales 826–1415 (Chronologia anonymi, Annales Dano-Svecani 826–1415)===

	These annals give an account of events in Denmark and Sweden from 826 (i.e. 916/966?) to 1415. Unlike those of the other Danish and Swedish annals most of the entries are not merely rhetorically and stylistically elaborate, but also express a moralizing attitude to the events told by the author, and thus have a personal touch, quite unusual in the traditional annals.		These annals give an account of events in Denmark and Sweden from 826 (i.e. 916/966?) to 1415. Unlike those of the other Danish and Swedish annals most of the entries are not merely rhetorically and stylistically elaborate, but also express a moralizing attitude to the events told by the author, and thus have a personal touch, quite unusual in the traditional annals.
	Title
			=====Title=====
	As the text is known in later manuscripts only, the original title cannot be given.		As the text is known in later manuscripts only, the original title cannot be given.
	Incipit
			=====Incipit=====
	Anno Domini DCCCXXVI vel ut alji DCCCXVI Danici cum Haraldo rege suo ad fidem Jesu Christi Domini nostri sunt conversi ...		Anno Domini DCCCXXVI vel ut alji DCCCXVI Danici cum Haraldo rege suo ad fidem Jesu Christi Domini nostri sunt conversi ...
	Explicit
			=====Explicit=====
	MCDXV. Celebratum est concilium generale in vrbe Constantia.		MCDXV. Celebratum est concilium generale in vrbe Constantia.
	Size
			=====Size=====
	28 pages		28 pages
	Editions
	BENZELIUS, E. 1709–1713: Monumenta vetera ecclesiae Sveogothicae. Uppsala, 81–97.		====Editions====
	LANGEBEK, J. 1772: SRD 1, Copenhagen, 387–98.		* BENZELIUS, E. 1709–1713: Monumenta vetera ecclesiae Sveogothicae. Uppsala, 81–97.
	FANT, E.M. 1818: SRS I:1, Uppsala, 50–61.		* LANGEBEK, J. 1772: SRD 1, Copenhagen, 387–98.
	JØRGENSEN 1920, 138–41 (only covering the years 826–1296).		* FANT, E.M. 1818: SRS I:1, Uppsala, 50–61.
	• PAULSSON 1974, 374–401.		* JØRGENSEN 1920, 138–41 (only covering the years 826–1296).
	KROMAN 1980, 300–6 (only covering the years 826–1296).		*• PAULSSON 1974, 374–401.
	Commentaries		* KROMAN 1980, 300–6 (only covering the years 826–1296).
	ENGSTRÖM 1966, 1–80.
	PAULSSON 1974 (see Editions), 202–34.		====Commentaries====
	Date and place		* ENGSTRÖM 1966, 1–80.
			* PAULSSON 1974 (see Editions), 202–34.

			====Date and place====
	Earlier historians have thought that these annals were originally compiled in Denmark and then transferred to Sweden, where they were supplemented with Swedish material. The final compiler was said to be a cleric from Östergötland, perhaps a Cistercian monk in Alvastra (JØRGENSEN 1920, 23, KROMAN 1980, 300). Traditionally the work has been dated to the first half of the fifteenth century and regarded as one of the three Swedish annals constituting the so-called “Annales triplices” (together with the Annales 916–1430 and Annales 1298–1473), which in turn partly were based on lost annals (“Annales X” or “Annales Maiores”) from the first half of the fourteenth century (WESTMAN 1904, 171 n. 1, BOLIN 1931, 297–99, 315–17).		Earlier historians have thought that these annals were originally compiled in Denmark and then transferred to Sweden, where they were supplemented with Swedish material. The final compiler was said to be a cleric from Östergötland, perhaps a Cistercian monk in Alvastra (JØRGENSEN 1920, 23, KROMAN 1980, 300). Traditionally the work has been dated to the first half of the fifteenth century and regarded as one of the three Swedish annals constituting the so-called “Annales triplices” (together with the Annales 916–1430 and Annales 1298–1473), which in turn partly were based on lost annals (“Annales X” or “Annales Maiores”) from the first half of the fourteenth century (WESTMAN 1904, 171 n. 1, BOLIN 1931, 297–99, 315–17).
	On the basis of a linguistic analysis ENGSTRÖM argued that it was compiled and written by Paulus Helie in one of the first decades of the sixteenth century (ENGSTRÖM 1966). Today this late dating is generally accepted, but the attribution of the authorship to Paulus Helie is more questionable (PAULSSON 1974, 228–34, AXELSON 1976, 50–52). However, since there are more verbal and rhetorical phrases and expressions in the annals peculiar to the style of Paulus Helie than those mentioned by ENGSTRÖM, the attribution seems quite reasonable (e.g. the characteristic endings with an emphatic ablative sentence: 1208: ... cessitqve victoria Sverchero verum maxima sui exercitus jactura. 1226: Liberatus est a captivitate Waldemarus rex vna cum filio suo, interveniente maxima mulcta.) This does not mean, of course, that he collected all the material by himself. He may have emended and elaborated material which had at least in part been collected by others. As many entries, in fact, are verbally identical with those transmitted in other annals, it seems today that they may have been copied from common sources.
	Summary of contents		On the basis of a linguistic analysis ENGSTRÖM argued that it was compiled and written by Paulus Helie in one of the first decades of the sixteenth century (ENGSTRÖM 1966). Today this late dating is generally accepted, but the attribution of the authorship to Paulus Helie is more questionable (PAULSSON 1974, 228–34, AXELSON 1976, 50–52). However, since there are more verbal and rhetorical phrases and expressions in the annals peculiar to the style of Paulus Helie than those mentioned by ENGSTRÖM, the attribution seems quite reasonable (e.g. the characteristic endings with an emphatic ablative sentence: 1208: ... cessitqve victoria Sverchero verum maxima sui exercitus jactura. 1226: Liberatus est a captivitate Waldemarus rex vna cum filio suo, interveniente maxima mulcta.) This does not mean, of course, that he collected all the material by himself. He may have emended and elaborated material which had at least in part been collected by others. As many entries, in fact, are verbally identical with those transmitted in other annals, it seems today that they may have been copied from common sources.

			====Summary of contents====
	The Danish material is prominent in the first half of the annals. Here there are many entries concerning the foundation of Cistercian abbeys, and in other parts of Scandinavia, too. The Swedish material, which is scattered among the Danish entries, becomes prominent after 1200 and dominates the annals after 1300. In particular the entries concerning the civil war in Sweden in the early fourteenth century are verbally and stylistically ornate and contain evaluations expressing the author’s personal sympathy with the dukes’ cause.		The Danish material is prominent in the first half of the annals. Here there are many entries concerning the foundation of Cistercian abbeys, and in other parts of Scandinavia, too. The Swedish material, which is scattered among the Danish entries, becomes prominent after 1200 and dominates the annals after 1300. In particular the entries concerning the civil war in Sweden in the early fourteenth century are verbally and stylistically ornate and contain evaluations expressing the author’s personal sympathy with the dukes’ cause.
	Composition and style
	The composition is that of traditional annals, a recording of events in chronological order. As to the style >Chronicon Skibyense.		====Composition and style====
	Sources		The composition is that of traditional annals, a recording of events in chronological order. As to the style see below, Chronicon Skibyense.

			====Sources====
	As mentioned before, many of the entries show a greater or lesser degree of verbal similarity to other medieval annals, now to one, now to another. At first glance it thus seems that the author must have copied those annals. But as independent information is often given, too, it is impossible, on the basis of these similarities, to prove any direct dependency between the Annales 826–1415 and the other Danish and Swedish annals, at least not on the basis of the versions known today. Nevertheless, the author must have utilized Danish material of Cistercian origin (from the Abbey of Sorø?), which was also available for the compilers of the Annales Ryenses, Annales Lundenses, and other Danish annals. As regards the Swedish sources, he has particularly collected and used materials that are now extant in the Annales 266–1430, Annales 916–1430, and Annales 1298–1473, the Chronica Wisbyensis and the Chronicon regni Gothorum by Ericus Olai. Apart from these the Erikskrönikan, too, could have been among his sources.		As mentioned before, many of the entries show a greater or lesser degree of verbal similarity to other medieval annals, now to one, now to another. At first glance it thus seems that the author must have copied those annals. But as independent information is often given, too, it is impossible, on the basis of these similarities, to prove any direct dependency between the Annales 826–1415 and the other Danish and Swedish annals, at least not on the basis of the versions known today. Nevertheless, the author must have utilized Danish material of Cistercian origin (from the Abbey of Sorø?), which was also available for the compilers of the Annales Ryenses, Annales Lundenses, and other Danish annals. As regards the Swedish sources, he has particularly collected and used materials that are now extant in the Annales 266–1430, Annales 916–1430, and Annales 1298–1473, the Chronica Wisbyensis and the Chronicon regni Gothorum by Ericus Olai. Apart from these the Erikskrönikan, too, could have been among his sources.
	Medieval reception and transmission
			====Medieval reception and transmission====
	No pre-Reformation version of Annales 826–1415 exists and the text is only known in its entirety through Stephanus Stephanius’s Systema from about 1630–1640. There are, however, frequent quotations from the annals, often with better readings, in Paulus Helie’s other historical works, in the Historia compendiosa and the Chronicon Skibyense. In addition, many extracts, also with better readings than those transmitted by Stephanius, are to be found in Petrus Olai’s AM 107 8° from about the middle of the sixteenth century. As the entries in the latter sometimes have a different verbal form it seems as if Paulus Helie might have composed these annals in different versions. Other extracts exist in Arild Huitfeldt’s Varia historico-Chronologia of 1580–1590 and in AM 907 4° from the early eighteenth century. An Annales 1241–1410, printed by LUDEWIG (1731, 79–90) and LANGEBEK (1783, 528–34) is, as demonstrated by ERSLEV, only a fragment of the extracts found in AM 107 8°, and thus without independent value (ERSLEV 1897–1899, 493 n. 1). For further information about the manuscripts, see PAULSSON (1974, 203–9).		No pre-Reformation version of Annales 826–1415 exists and the text is only known in its entirety through Stephanus Stephanius’s Systema from about 1630–1640. There are, however, frequent quotations from the annals, often with better readings, in Paulus Helie’s other historical works, in the Historia compendiosa and the Chronicon Skibyense. In addition, many extracts, also with better readings than those transmitted by Stephanius, are to be found in Petrus Olai’s AM 107 8° from about the middle of the sixteenth century. As the entries in the latter sometimes have a different verbal form it seems as if Paulus Helie might have composed these annals in different versions. Other extracts exist in Arild Huitfeldt’s Varia historico-Chronologia of 1580–1590 and in AM 907 4° from the early eighteenth century. An Annales 1241–1410, printed by LUDEWIG (1731, 79–90) and LANGEBEK (1783, 528–34) is, as demonstrated by ERSLEV, only a fragment of the extracts found in AM 107 8°, and thus without independent value (ERSLEV 1897–1899, 493 n. 1). For further information about the manuscripts, see PAULSSON (1974, 203–9).
	(4) Historia compendiosa regum Danorum
			===(4) Historia compendiosa regum Danorum===
	A Short History of the Danish Kings is a Series regum Danorum, i.e. a list of the Danish kings with biographies, from the mythical King Dan I to King Christian II (1513–1523).		A Short History of the Danish Kings is a Series regum Danorum, i.e. a list of the Danish kings with biographies, from the mythical King Dan I to King Christian II (1513–1523).
	Title		Title

Hkllm at 13:24, 29 June 2012

2012-06-29T13:24:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 29 June 2012
Line 1:		Line 1:
	by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen		by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen

	Paulus Helie (Poul Helgesen) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the period’s greatest intellectual character and most eloquent writer. His Lutheran antagonists called him a turn-coat, present-day historians describe him as the first political journalist in the history of Denmark. His many works in the Danish and Latin languages include translations, religious and political controversies, poems, letters, and historical narratives. Among the latter is the famous Chronicon Skibyense, which was the greatest intellectual work of literature in Denmark since the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus.		'''Paulus Helie''' (Poul Helgesen) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the period’s greatest intellectual character and most eloquent writer. His Lutheran antagonists called him a turn-coat, present-day historians describe him as the first political journalist in the history of Denmark. His many works in the Danish and Latin languages include translations, religious and political controversies, poems, letters, and historical narratives. Among the latter is the famous Chronicon Skibyense, which was the greatest intellectual work of literature in Denmark since the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus.

	==Biography==		==Biography==

Hkllm: /* Works in Danish */

2012-06-29T13:23:42Z

Works in Danish

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 29 June 2012
Line 55:		Line 55:
	(19) Religious and Devotional Poems and Psalms.		(19) Religious and Devotional Poems and Psalms.

	==Works in Latin==:
			==Works in Latin==

	===(1) De simoniaca pravitate Oratio===		===(1) De simoniaca pravitate Oratio===

Hkllm: /* Biography */

2012-06-29T13:23:08Z

Biography

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 29 June 2012
Line 12:		Line 12:
	Soon after being elected provincial prior of his Order in 1521 or 1522 he left the University, but continued with his studies, readings and writings. During the 1520s and 1530s he often participated in the diets of the realm. In the diet of 1530, for instance, he was one of the Catholic theologians officially debating with the Protestants, and in the diet of 1533 he functioned as prosecutor against the reformer, Hans Tausen, who was condemned to exile by the judges.		Soon after being elected provincial prior of his Order in 1521 or 1522 he left the University, but continued with his studies, readings and writings. During the 1520s and 1530s he often participated in the diets of the realm. In the diet of 1530, for instance, he was one of the Catholic theologians officially debating with the Protestants, and in the diet of 1533 he functioned as prosecutor against the reformer, Hans Tausen, who was condemned to exile by the judges.

	After the publication in October 1534 of his book on a Christian union and reconciliation, the Danish sources are silent about his existence. Most historians have therefore assumed that he died during the winter of 1534–1535. But as the General Chapter of the Order confirmed him in his office on 25 May 1539, he may still have been alive then. If that is true, he may have lived incognito in Demark or in exile, as a royal edict of 1537 forbade mendicants to stay in the king’s dominions (RÜBNER JØRGENSEN 1986, 19).		After the publication in October 1534 of his book on a Christian union and reconciliation, the Danish sources are silent about his existence. Most historians have therefore assumed that he died during the winter of 1534–1535. But as the General Chapter of the Order confirmed him in his office on 25 May 1539, he may still have been alive then. If that is true, he may have lived incognito in Demark or in exile, as a royal edict of 1537 forbade mendicants to stay in the king’s dominions (RÜBNER JØRGENSEN 1986, 19).

	==Works in Danish==		==Works in Danish==

Hkllm: Created page with 'by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen Paulus Helie (Poul Helgesen) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the p…'

2012-06-29T13:22:30Z

Created page with 'by Kaare Rübner Jørgensen Paulus Helie (Poul Helgesen) was a Carmelite friar and a Catholic reformer, theologian and history writer during the Danish Reformation. He was the p…'

Show changes